Henry Gilbert with a large melting furnace, circa 1948. Gilbert was key in helping develop a method for scaling up zirconium production for the U.S.S. Nautilus, along with Dr. Kroll, Robert Beall, Earl T. Hayes, and Leland Yerkes.
General history, database & publication links
History Hub NARA Research Support Community: https://historyhub.history.gov/welcome
Department of Energy FOIA Contacts: https://foiamapper.com/agencies/energy-foia/
Reports of Investigation in Order: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1DuEwRtIssIEZLIsQJY-ESVg_yXvG2d5mAGIWStxVD7A/edit#gid=695399428
1946 Report on the Northwest Electrodevelopment Laboratory
Nuclear Propulsion Plant of the USS Nautilus:
History of the USS Nautilus: https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/subforce/about-us/history.html
Published papers by R.A. Beall: https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Beall%2C%20R%2E%20A%2E%20%28Robert%20A%2E%29
U.S. Government Copyright guides: https://www.usa.gov/government-works/
NETL FOIA request form: https://netl.doe.gov/form/foia-request-form
National Technical Reports Library: https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI): https://www.osti.gov/
National Technical Information Service (NTIS): https://classic.ntis.gov/help/order-placing/
OSTI OpenNet: https://www.osti.gov/opennet/
DOE Declassification System: https://fas.org/sgp/library/rdd-5.html#I58
NRC Public Document Room: https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/pdr.html
TRAIL: AEC Series Processing Inventories: https://trailguides.crl.edu/series/AEC
Hanford History Project: https://tricities.wsu.edu/hanfordhistory/
DOE Photo Archive: https://www.energy.gov/management/office-management/employee-services/photography#ETVC
Science.gov: https://www.science.gov/topicpages/z/zircon+sands+processed
A is for Albany, Z is for Zirconium/ The Ore Bin, 1967: https://www.oregongeology.org/pubs/og/OBv29n10.pdf
The Atomic Energy Commission by Alice Buck, 1983: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/AEC%20History.pdf
Defense Technical Information Center: https://discover.dtic.mil/results/?q=%22albany%2C%20oregon%22#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=%22albany%2C%20oregon%22&gsc.page=1
Production of Malleable Zirconium, W. J. Kroll and W.W. Stephens/ https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ie50482a046
Aerial hi-res photo collection of Albany / Albany Regional Museum: https://photos.google.com/share/AF1QipPYBv5a9UnVT-641m6xK8JHxuDGemLyEE9RtPLv_-HiaRFhyNef1Aq_bTVP5FMFNg/photo/AF1QipPtgkLxd6gXhZr9u3JlkbEBYafeF1YRzCOjDy1-?key=UERHdGtydGUtT3pxZFRNQmhyYVpoa1JmX1hjX3Rn
Zirconium: A Bibliography of Unclassified Literature, 1951: https://books.google.com/books?id=Uxc2WiErclEC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=%22malleable+titanium+and+zirconium%22+%2B+Kroll&source=bl&ots=IL0eqHt_qO&sig=ACfU3U2mDsmB7Ge_u5btp9KY_LMwWMgvMQ&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje-66wsobnAhXD3J4KHX4wDMoQ6AEwAnoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22malleable%20titanium%20and%20zirconium%22%20%2B%20Kroll&f=false
Zr-Hf sludge agriculture usage: https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1717/nureg-1717.pdf
Thorium waste at Hanford from Albany: https://xcdsystem.com/wmsym/archives//2012/papers/12427.pdf
United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 1957 (Thorium): https://books.google.com/books?id=l8wjAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA5-PA137&lpg=RA5-PA137&dq=%22albany,+Oregon%22+%2B+thorium&source=bl&ots=aQ2RMZjg-Y&sig=ACfU3U3327KMLTfVWUQfNucACpHRJ69AnQ&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOyLeHvNXmAhVKGDQIHcXiBB4Q6AEwBnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22albany%2C%20Oregon%22%20%2B%20thorium&f=false
Research and Development in the field of Thorium Chemistry and Metallurgy, 1956 (thorium melting in Albany): https://books.google.com/books?id=xVBoF1R93X4C&pg=PA190&lpg=PA190&dq=%22Thorium%22+%2B+%22Albany,+Oregon%22&source=bl&ots=IVcRA34AAp&sig=ACfU3U0cV3iPkKBZbqRF-GiD1BBSTvbMFg&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiUp7qE9ObnAhVXu54KHfIHA9wQ6AEwCXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Thorium%22%20%2B%20%22Albany%2C%20Oregon%22&f=false
High Temperature Experiments with Zirconium Compounds by Kroll, Carmody, and Schlechten, 1952; (bibliography of earlier works at end): https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015078493148&view=1up&seq=46
Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion (Zirconium overview): https://books.google.com/books?id=_6vNqsL16LsC&pg=PA571&lpg=PA571&dq=%22hafnium%22+%2B+%22zirconium%22+%2B+1947+%2B+oregon&source=bl&ots=pSFE1t2z_u&sig=ACfU3U1ewZyeCWR8NGilp5nzJquYXK0iaQ&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjs7ci32NroAhWGIDQIHbG-D10Q6AEwB3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22hafnium%22%20%2B%20%22zirconium%22%20%2B%201947%20%2B%20oregon&f=false
Albany Bureau of Mines Scrapbook 1943-1946/ from the Steve Anderson Collection:
Albany Bureau of Mines Scrapbook 1946-1960/ from the Steve Anderson Collection:
William J. Kroll, A Luxembourg Scientist, Edited by Fondation Nicolas Lanners (unavailable online)
Black Sand, by Kathleen L. Housley (unavailable online)
Online Books by the Bureau of Mines, Albany (1970’s): file:///Users/taistith/Desktop/The%20Incomplete%20History%20of%20ARC/The%20Owl%20Room/Albany%20Metallurgy%20Research%20Center%20(U.S.)%20_%20The%20Online%20Books%20Page.htm
U.S. Government Films: https://archive.org/details/usgovfilms
Introduction: The Captain and the Scientist bibliography links (early 1950’s)
History of the development of zirconium alloys for use in nuclear reactors: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4240391-history-development-zirconium-alloys-use-nuclear-reactors
Chapter 1: The Power of Albany bibliography links (1940)
BPA Annual Report, 1943 (mentions possibility of an electrodevelopment laboratory):
1946 Report on the Northwest Electrodevelopment Laboratory
United States Bureau of Mines 1976: https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00022529/00001/29
United States Bureau of Mines: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Bureau_of_Mines
Vince Hurley’s Train Recollection:
Albany Research Center Vol. 1, A Historical Evaluation, 1998/ U.S. Dept. of Reclamation, Bobbie Ferguson, Christine Pfaff
Albany Research Center Vol. 2, Inventory Forms, June 1997:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memo to Senator McNary:
Chapter 2: Forward Momentum bibliography links (1943)
The Home: Log entries from the Ladies’ Aid Society Orphans Home, compiled by Bev Haven:
Steve Anderson on the NYA Machine Shop:
Chapter 3: A Laboratory Takes Shape bibliography links (1944)
RI 5141: Titanium Plant at Boulder City, NV: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015078540179
IC 8266:
IC 8268: A.J. Kauffman Jr. :https://dggs.alaska.gov/webpubs/usbm/ic/text/ic8268.pdf
Kroll Correspondence, April 27, 1944:
Beaver Hill Separations Plant (pages 12 + 13) https://www.idahogeology.org/Uploads/Data/USBM-Publications/IC-7767.pdf
Chapter 4: Shifting Sands bibliography links (Fall 1944)
Hotel Benton National Register of Historic Places: https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/82003719.pdf
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1911: https://books.google.com/books?id=hAA6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA996&lpg=PA996&dq=day+and+richards+platinum+coos+county&source=bl&ots=6srpz-XWhI&sig=ACfU3U1V_cewj7QMz1LRuooeGmYGMMH0FQ&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLyaqQ_O3lAhUYvp4KHV6lDyAQ6AEwDHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=day%20and%20richards%20platinum%20coos%20county&f=false
History of Primary Magnesium: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-48099-2_12
Dogami Bulletin no. 24: https://www.oregongeology.org/pubs/B/B-024.pdf
USGS Strategic Materials Investigation 1944, Mineralogical and Physical Composition of the Sands of theOregon Coast from Coos Bay to the Mouth of the Columbia River, by Allan B. Griggs, Bulletin no. 30: https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0945e/report.pdf
Black Sand of the Pacific Coast, 1905: https://books.google.com/books?id=MBRAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=dr.+day+dr.+richards+sand+samples&source=bl&ots=LO4YYIB0nZ&sig=ACfU3U1La_QvyTDQaauYf2lmjY9qZhwrVw&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjCg9GWs-_lAhXEuZ4KHQmnD18Q6AEwAHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
Mining and Engineering World (V. 23, 1905): https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/FDc5AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=lewis
Information Circular 8261, 1965: https://books.google.com/books?id=jI2BA67kIxgC&pg=PT571&dq=zircon+sands+coos+bay+oregon+information+circular&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJuui85vDlAhURFjQIHaviAWUQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=zircon%20sands%20coos%20bay%20oregon%20information%20circular&f=false
Platnium by Dr. David t. Day, Ph D.:https://books.google.com/books?id=PzwX-xbaUGIC&pg=PA661&lpg=PA661&dq=mr.+day+and+mr.+kemp+platinum+oregon&source=bl&ots=ZWPcbW9eg-&sig=ACfU3U3j49qf9tJY2lNV193B0eTHCuyVnw&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj42KzOne7lAhXfFzQIHcqkDBIQ6AEwAXoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=mr.%20day%20and%20mr.%20kemp%20platinum%20oregon&f=false
Mineralogical and Physical Composition of the Sands of the Oregon Coast from Coos Bay to the Mouth of the Columbia River by W.H. Twenhofel: https://www.oregongeology.org/pubs/B/B-030.pdf
Krome Corporation Records Index: http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv51245/pdf
RI 4915: High Temperature Experiments with Zirconium and Zirconium Compounds, published Nov. 1952, with work by Kroll, Carmody, and Schlechten. Confirms zircon was taken from Coquille. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015078493148&view=1up&seq=15
Materials Survey: Chromium, 1962, confirms separations plant near Coquille: https://books.google.com/books?id=CvVpXqECmBwC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=%22southwestern+engineering+company%22+oregon&source=bl&ots=uCO8dwVUKg&sig=ACfU3U25g5xiFLoebRP1SKO6_gH5wqHKIw&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGlJy3o57nAhXXpZ4KHfcQBRIQ6AEwAHoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22southwestern%20engineering%20company%22%20oregon&f=false
IC 7761: Mentions Defense Plant Corporation Separations Plant at Beaver Hill: https://books.google.com/books?id=vuKjxfYiuuUC&pg=RA6-PA12&lpg=RA6-PA12&dq=Defense+Plant+Corporation+Separation+Plant+%2B+beaver+hill&source=bl&ots=fMyF9Et_1u&sig=ACfU3U3Jji74yrIilrZwkJMO6FZRwVpBLg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg7fuPwcfsAhUCip4KHaYACCMQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=Defense%20Plant%20Corporation%20Separation%20Plant%20%2B%20beaver%20hill&f=false
Bulletin 945-E, Chromite-bearing Sands of the Southern Part of the Coast of Oregon: https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0945e/report.pdf
IC 8268: Details about process at Beaver Hill: https://dggs.alaska.gov/webpubs/usbm/ic/text/ic8268.pdf
Chapter 5: Trial and Triumph bibliography links (Jan 1945)
Liquid Metal Processing and Casting Experiences at the US Department of Energy’s Albany Research Center, Paul D. Jablonski and Paul C. Turner: https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/901746
Ductile Zirconium from Zircon Sand. Kroll, Schlecten and Yerkes: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.837.5172&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Chapter 6: The Little Laboratory that Could bibliography links (1945-July 1947)
IC 7341: Survey of Literature on the Metallurgy of Zirconium, by Kroll and Schlechten, 1946: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077577651&view=1up&seq=3
Chapter 7: The Ghost in the Machine bibliography links (1947-48)
The Manhattan Project: An Interactive History: https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/
Nuclear Navy: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/08/f2/HewlettandDuncanNuclearNavyComplete.pdf
History of the development of zirconium alloys for use in nuclear reactors: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4240391-history-development-zirconium-alloys-use-nuclear-reactors
Oak Ridge National Laboratory: The First Fifty Years By Leland Johnson, Daniel Schaffer:https://books.google.com/books?id=y5WjYgMc7eEC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=herbert+pomerance+and+hafnium&source=bl&ots=Cl9BtOIhZ0&sig=ACfU3U1kK5lN5MisljaqplAqFwVcs_dhMA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf6LyX5K_sAhWnCjQIHdgsBLUQ6AEwDHoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=herbert%20pomerance%20and%20hafnium&f=false
Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, A. R. Kaufman Reference https://www.google.com/books/edition/Zirconium_in_the_Nuclear_Industry/N2wAco8Yc-MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=kaufman+%2B+MIT+hafnium&pg=PA36&printsec=frontcover
Ore Bin, Nov. 1989: https://www.oregongeology.org/pubs/og/OGv51n06.pdf
Stockpile and Accessibility of Strategic and Critical Materials to the United States in Time of War 1954: https://books.google.com/books?id=AXAssn1-OCMC&pg=RA1-PA64&lpg=RA1-PA64&dq=%22kaufman%22+%2B+hafnium+%2B+MIT&source=bl&ots=IMri53f6gK&sig=ACfU3U37kEhDqNTRoaMSfg1RmoD7_OcsDQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5hLaNqLrpAhWCNX0KHdtpCVIQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22kaufman%22%20%2B%20hafnium%20%2B%20MIT&f=falsehttps://books.google.com/books?id=AXAssn1-OCMC&pg=RA1-PA64&lpg=RA1-PA64&dq=%22kaufman%22+%2B+hafnium+%2B+MIT&source=bl&ots=IMri53f6gK&sig=ACfU3U37kEhDqNTRoaMSfg1RmoD7_OcsDQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5hLaNqLrpAhWCNX0KHdtpCVIQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22kaufman%22%20%2B%20hafnium%20%2B%20MIT&f=false
Stockpile and Accessibility, 1955: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Stockpile_and_Accessibility_of_Strategic/P9xEAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0
Physics Today, Herbert Pomerance: https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.2809022
RI 5485, A.J. Kauffman, Jr., Differential Thermal Analysis Applied to the Lime-Soda Sinter Process: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015078486548&view=1up&seq=3
Atomic Heritage.org: Glenn Seaborg: https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/glenn-seaborg
The Metallurgy of Hafnium, edited by D.E. Thomas and E.T. Hayes / Naval Reactors & AEC: https://books.google.com/books?id=dqKgCIbq7hEC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=did+seaborg+first+separate+hafnium+from+zirconium?&source=bl&ots=OuKL-QwcfM&sig=ACfU3U2rKvr_6pAFAOIVHP10Rri386k0kw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-o4GFg9HpAhULt54KHagYAX0Q6AEwCnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=did%20seaborg%20first%20separate%20hafnium%20from%20zirconium%3F&f=false
The Ion Exchange Separation of Zirconium and Hafnium, 1948, Glenn Seaborg and Kenneth Street Jr.: https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r23s1kg/qt7r23s1kg.pdf
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review / 1983 / Captain Rickover and Oak Ridge by Herb Pomerance (A.R. Kaufman + Hf) https://www.google.com/books/edition/Review/w0s0ZGloTKoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22a.R.+Kaufman%22+%2B+hafnium&pg=PA21&printsec=frontcover
Third Biennial Report, Postwar Readjustment and Development Commission: https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/ww2/Documents/after-post-prdc6.pdf
Fir Oaks Charter 1948:
Admiral Rickover’s Gamble: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1959/01/admiral-rickovers-gamble/308436/
Miracle Metals Serving in War and Peace by Robert Gordon, Sc. D. : https://www.power-eng.com/2000/10/01/miracle-metals-serving-in-war-and-peace151a-history-of-the-role-two-rare-metals-played-in-the-birth-of-nuclear-power/
Uranium Hunting Guides: http://national-radiation-instrument-catalog.com/new_page_14.htm
AEC Press Release on thorium needs, 1948: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v01/d240
Technical Report for the period February through April 1948, A.R. Kaufmann: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4319842
Chapter 8: Radio Silence and Operation Zirconium bibliography links (1949-1950)
History of the Development of Zirconium Alloys for use in Nuclear Reactors: https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4240391
Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v. Titanium Metals Corp. Explains zirconium for submarine development. https://casetext.com/case/westinghouse-elec-corp-v-titanium-metals-corp
Miracle Metals Serving in War and Peace—A History of the Role Two Rare Metals Played in the Birth of Nuclear Power: https://www.power-eng.com/nuclear/miracle-metals-serving-in-war-and-peace151a-history-of-the-role-two-rare-metals-played-in-the-birth-of-nuclear-power/#gref
The Chemical Analysis of Zirconium and Zircaloy Metals/AEC https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4325231
Large Scale Laboratory Production of Ductile Zirconium by Kroll, Anderson, H.P. Holmes, Leland Yerkes, and Hank Gilbert: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.874.9011&rep=rep1&type=pdf
USMB Director James Boyd bio: https://www.nae.edu/188825/JAMES-BOYD-19041987
MINES Magazine, Jan 1950/ Has a full page dedicated to AEC progress: http://minesmagazine.com/wp-content/archives/Mines_Mag.v40.n1.pdf
Chapter 9: “Called the ‘Bureau of Mines’ by the Man on the Street (1950-1951)
***Petrographic Lab overview, 1950: https://www.onemine.org/document/abstract.cfm?docid=181559&title=A-Study-Of-Certain-Uncommon-Minerals-Found-In-The-Pacific-Northwest
Zirconium Alloy Investigations for the Air Materiel Command, Shelton. Jan 1951 Declassified/ Hanford. file:///Users/taistith/Downloads/DA02832988.pdf
Bettis lab gave Pittsburgh a place in history of nuclear power: https://old.post-gazette.com/healthscience/19990315bettis2.asp
Naval Reactors Facility history, 1950’s: https://navalnuclearlab.energy.gov/about-us/naval-reactors-facility-/
Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory history, 1950’s: https://navalnuclearlab.energy.gov/about-us/bettis-atomic-power-laboratory/
Corrosion of Zr and Zr Alloys: gives a great synopsis and timeline for Zr development: https://www-s.corrosionanalysisnetwork.org/video-gallery/-/journal_content/56/33542825/ASMHBA0003823/PUBLICATION-BOOKARTICLE-TEMPLATE
Hewlett and Duncan Nuclear Navy photos only: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/08/f2/HewlettandDuncanNuclearNavyFiguresOnly.pdf
Declassified Hanford AEC trip report to Albany (low hafnium Brazilian sources):
Malleable Chromium and its Alloys, E.T. Hayes:
Chapter 10: Separation Anxiety (July 1951—)
Liquid Metal Processing and Casting Experiences at the US Department of
Energy’s Albany Research Center: Paul D. Jablonski and Paul C. Turner (great early history commentary): https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/901746
Homogeneous Reactor Project (discusses zirconium alloys being worked on, pg 111): https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4363225
THE EXPLOSIBILITY OF TITANIUM, ZIRCONIUM THORIUM, URANIUM
AND THEIR HYDRIDES (1951 AEC): https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4420210
Electrolytic Tin Plant: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Minerals_Yearbook/VMnWV70AYE4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Albany%22+%2B+%22electrolytic+tin%22+%2B+%22Hanford%22&pg=PA1257&printsec=frontcover
Separation of Tantalum-Columbium by Solvent Extraction: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077553629&view=1up&seq=7
Zirconium purification: using a basic sulfate precipitation: Govro + Nielsen: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015078540666&view=1up&seq=2
Chlorination of Zirconium Oxide: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03398133
Chapter 11: Uncommon Metals (March 1952-)
UFO Sightings over Albany: https://sohp.us/collections/ufos-a-history/pdf/GROSS-1952-July-21-31-SN.pdf
Report on the UFO wave of 1947: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c0fe5673c3a5343f2f06538/t/5e5ba4a2bcd48e5c8c442c21/1583064258132/Report_on_the_UFO_wave_1947.pdf
**Trip Report: Consultation on Zirconium Metallurgy and Mechanical and Physical Testing Methods, Feb 1952
USS Nautilus Keel Laying: https://www.theday.com/article/20120615/nws09/306159969
USS Nautilus Keel Laying Program Booklet: http://navsource.org/archives/08/pdf/0857105e.pdf
UFO’S: A History 1952 June-July: https://sohp.us/collections/ufos-a-history/pdf/GROSS-1952-Jun-July-20.pdf
USS Nautilus Images from NavSource Online: http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08571.htm
Core Shape of Fuel Elements Clad with Zirconium Alloy, June 11, 1953, Battelle. Describes the early Zircaloy products and fuel cladding: https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4337244
1953 Account of Nautilus: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/what-it-was-like-to-test-the-first-submarine-nuclear-reactor/381195/
Zirconium Progress Report, July 1953: https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4344049/
AEC Semiannual Report 1953 https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1363782
A study of Consumable Electrode Arc Melting, 1953/ Beall: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015078540336&view=1up&seq=7
**Ductile Chromium work, July 1953 on: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bureau_of_Mines_Chromium_Supplied_for_Re/O7Lqr5f36jMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22ductile+chromium%22+%2B+%22bureau+of+mines%22+%2B+%22cancer%22&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover
Haruo Kato, Chromium-Base Alloys: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nuclear_Science_Abstracts/oVMhAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22haruo+kato%22+%2B+chromium+%2B+albany,+oregon&pg=PA795&printsec=frontcover
Haruo Kato Memorial: http://www.nvcfmemorialwall.org/profile/view/1669
**Bureau of Mines Chromium Work: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Information_Circular/IpkmPmef4IQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22ductile+chromium%22+%2B+%22bureau+of+mines%22+%2B+%22cancer%22&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover
Chapter 12: Submarine in the Desert (Jan 1953—)
What It Felt Like to Test the First Submarine Nuclear Reactor/ The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/what-it-was-like-to-test-the-first-submarine-nuclear-reactor/381195/
Admiral Rickover’s Gamble: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1959/01/admiral-rickovers-gamble/308436/?single_page=true
They Harnessed the Atom: https://www.ans.org/news/article-1635/they-harnessed-the-atom-the-first-navy-prototype-nuclear-plant/
**Physical Behavior of Sponge Zirconium and Zircaloy 2: A Handbook, December 1953.
Chapter 13: Bright Dreams and Nightmares (Jan. 1954—
Production of molybdenum metal by magnesium reduction of molybdenum oxides.: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20036629.html
Henry Gilbert photos: https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LRD4-T9J/henry-leonard-gilbert-1920-1967
Seventeenth Semiannual Report of the Atomic Energy Commission: Jan 1955. Covers the 1954 Atomic Energy Act, focus on peacetime purposes and privatization. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1363889
Liquid Metal Processing and Casting Experiences at the US Department of
Energy’s Albany Research Center (Titanium skull casting, etc): https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/901746
International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Switzerland August 8-20, (possible uses for thorium) 1955: https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/16295117/16295117.pdf
Consumable Electrode Arc-Melting of Cold-Compacted Thorium Powder: https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4354931
Bureau of Mines Chromium Supplied for Research, July 1953 to July, 1961, Including Names of Recipients and Nature of Studies: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bureau_of_Mines_Chromium_Supplied_for_Re/O7Lqr5f36jMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=chromium+wire+for+cancer+chicago&pg=PA10&printsec=frontcover
Chapter 14: Untitled
Mae Yih Family History: http://ohms.mocanyc.org/viewer/viewer.php?cachefile=2019_038_001_1593050158.xml
White King Mine: https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4214785
Savannah River Thorium project? (C-13) https://www.google.com/books/edition/Research_and_Development_in_the_Field_of/xVBoF1R93X4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=savannah+river+thorium+%2B+Albany,+oregon&pg=PA135&printsec=frontcover
Future Resources
A is for Albany, Z is for Zirconium/ Ore Bin (1955 Titanium and Oremet) https://www.oregongeology.org/pubs/og/OBv29n10.pdf
** THE EFFECT OF IMPORTS OF TITANIUM SPONGE ON THE NATIONAL SECURITY: (heavily redacted, 2019, important, thorough titanium production history info) https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/section-232-investigations/2792-titanium-sponge-232-report-and-appendices-7-26-2021-redacted/file
Pile Exposure, March 1954:
**Second Meeting of Zirconium Testing, Dec 1954: Hayes (Superior Tubing)
Zirconium Hazards Research, 1956: https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4322201
A Bibliography of Confidential U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Reports/1956: https://books.google.com/books?id=jpxf3r_-axkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
The Properties of Zirconium and Its Possibilities for Thermal Reactors, Jan 1949, by Fairchild of the Power Pile Division, AEC/ORNL: https://technicalreports.ornl.gov/1949/3445603603704.pdf
**Corrosion Studies on Titanium and Zirconium Metals, began 1947, pub 1950: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA951676.pdf
The Development of a Melting Method for Conversion of Zr Sponge to Corrosion Resistant Ingot, May 1950: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4389077-development-melting-method-conversion-zirconium-sponge-corrosion-resistant-ingot
UNCLASSIFIED: (Redacted) Thermal Structural , Electrical, Magnetic and other Physical Properties of Titanium, Zirconiu, Hafnium, and Thorium and some of their Simple Compounds….etc. Technical Report No. 102-AC49/2-100-2, 1 February 1950 (USAF on Zirconium)
DECLASSIFIED: Albany Tin Reclamation, 1952:
Radiation Hazards Encountered in Arc Melting Thorium, RI 5969:
1994 Low Level Waste Vitrification: https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/28/076/28076835.pdf?r=1
The Ore Bin, 1959, yttrium and moly in Albany: https://www.oregongeology.org/pubs/og/OBv21all.pdf
Minerals Yearbook 1951 (zirconium history overview): https://books.google.com/books?id=VMnWV70AYE4C&pg=PA1348&lpg=PA1348&dq=%22navy+department%22+%2B+%22ductile+zirconium%22+%2B+1947&source=bl&ots=BV5lBNTY-Z&sig=ACfU3U1GiL8kKvC5vysRoGS8XcGK5uUWrQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFgfudvIDpAhWP9Z4KHbdrAr4Q6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22navy%20department%22%20%2B%20%22ductile%20zirconium%22%20%2B%201947&f=false
Zirconium, by Stephen M. Shelton, Scientific American 1951: https://www.scientificamerican.com/index.cfm/_api/render/file/?method=inline&fileID=6E87DAA0-CC1F-46CA-AB58EA1B57890804
USS Nautilus Keel Laying and Naming: https://theleansubmariner.com/2020/01/07/whats-in-a-name-the-story-of-how-the-most-famous-submarine-in-modern-history-was-named/
APPLICATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION FOR THE SEPARATION OF ZIRCONIUM FROM HAFNIUM, Foos, R. A.; Wilhelm, H. A. 1954: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4354500
Irradiation Processing Department Monthly Report, May 1963 (trip logs to Albany re: thorium): https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/10108270
The Nuclear Industry 1968 (info on Wah Chang Zr production): https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/11166/84687/cogjm.Report_Nuclear_Industry_1968.pdf?sequence=1
Interview with Howard Poppleton: Consensus Decision Making
Interview with Howard Poppleton: Phosphates
Interview with Howard Poppleton: Hafnium
Interview with Howard Poppleton: Cobalt 60 Project
Direct Reduction Processes for the Production of Titanium Metal / National Research Council (info on early Titanium work): https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a374031.pdf
Petrographic Correspondence 1951: (retrieved from NARA/College Park, MD)
Telephone Directory, 1953:
Wah Chang Article, 1958:
AEC’s Pamphlet on Breeder Reactors: https://www.osti.gov/includes/opennet/includes/Understanding%20the%20Atom/Breeder%20Reactors.pdf
Lawton D. Geiger obit: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/25563238/lawton-delany-geiger
Rickover Memoir, by Richard Claytor
Robert Shoemaker interview (OSC graduate + USBM employee 1949): https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/rohoia/ucb/text/metallurgicalsho00roberich.pdf
Atoms on the Grid: Shippingport: https://www.ans.org/news/article-2093/atoms-on-the-grid-shippingport-1957/
**Metallurgy Of Hafnium, Hayes (1955+) Good overview of the technical aspects of zirconium and hafnium. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Metallurgy_of_Hafnium/qiIwjwEACAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1
Quarterly Report, March 1965: (Thorium Alloying) https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA400813.pdf
Operation Hardtack/ Hummingbird involvement? :
John Roush ore submission 1954: https://www.oregongeology.org/milo/archive/MiningDistricts/LakeCounty/UnclassifiedDistrict/RoushUraniumOccurrenceClaim/RoushUraniumOccurrenceReport.pdf
The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex Guide Map: https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=16D-GF2of9UXppSRknAN_ApFpHBg&ll=44.59754909932417%2C-122.54519557627874&z=8
Many thanks to Steve Anderson for digitizing many of the documents into .pdf format, and for Dennis Emerson for his specialty metals archive work at the Albany Regional Museum.
1957 and Beyond:
Leonard Meteorite Collection (Willamette specimen): https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1951PA…..59..474L
Aeronautics and Space Report of the President January 1970/ Moon rock analysis by the Bureau of Mines:
Radiation-resistant bacteria/ OSU (photo): https://oregondigital.org/sets/osu-scarc/oregondigital:df736w12n
Inactivation of the Radiation-Resistant Spoilage Bacterium Micrococcus radiodurans: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1058017/pdf/applmicro00349-0039.pdf
The History of the Albany Research Center 
